Stanković, A. M. et al. Methods for analysis and quantification of power system resilience. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 38, 4774–4787 (2022). This work consolidates the conceptual attributes, analytical methods and quantitative measures for power system resilience assessment.
Bie, Z., Lin, Y., Li, G. & Li, F. Battling the extreme: a study on the power system resilience. Proc. IEEE 105, 1253–1266 (2017).
Erenoğlu, A. K., Sengor, I. & Erdinç, O. Power system resiliency: a comprehensive overview from implementation aspects and innovative concepts. Energy Nexus 15, 100311 (2024).
Liu, X. et al. A planning-oriented resilience assessment framework for transmission systems under typhoon disasters. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 11, 5431–5441 (2020).
Xu, L. et al. Resilience of renewable power systems under climate risks. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 1, 53–66 (2024). This work identifies the superimposed risks created by intensifying climate extremes and increasing renewable penetration.
Thompson, V. et al. The most at-risk regions in the world for high-impact heatwaves. Nat. Commun. 14, 2152 (2023).
Cohen, J., Agel, L., Barlow, M., Garfinkel, C. I. & White, I. Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States. Science 373, 1116–1121 (2021).
Diffenbaugh, N. S. et al. Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 4881–4886 (2017).
Diffenbaugh, N. S., Singh, D. & Mankin, J. S. Unprecedented climate events: historical changes, aspirational targets and national commitments. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao3354 (2018).
Zidane, T. E. K. et al. Power systems and microgrids resilience enhancement strategies: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 207, 114953 (2025).
Venkatasubramanian, B. V. & Panteli, M. Power system resilience during 2001–2022: a bibliometric and correlation analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 188, 113862 (2023).
Panteli, M. & Mancarella, P. Influence of extreme weather and climate change on the resilience of power systems: impacts and possible mitigation strategies. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 127, 259–270 (2015). This work examines the impacts of extreme weather on power system components and outlines modelling and mitigation strategies for assessing and enhancing power system resilience.
Swain, D. L., Singh, D., Touma, D. & Diffenbaugh, N. S. Attributing extreme events to climate change: a new frontier in a warming world. One Earth 2, 522–527 (2020).
Grubler, A. et al. A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. Nat. Energy 3, 515–527 (2018).
Paul, S., Poudyal, A., Poudel, S., Dubey, A. & Wang, Z. Resilience assessment and planning in power distribution systems: past and future considerations. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 189, 113991 (2024).
Wang, K. et al. Resilience-oriented power system planning amidst extreme events via vehicle-to-grid coordination. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 172, 111202 (2025).
Li, Y. et al. Extreme typhoon events trigger long-lasting power outages and require demand-side solutions to enhance energy resiliency. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 136 (2025).
Xu, L., Lin, N., Poor, H. V., Xi, D. & Perera, A. D. Quantifying cascading power outages during climate extremes considering renewable energy integration. Nat. Commun. 16, 2582 (2025).
Jasiūnas, J., Lund, P. D. & Mikkola, J. Energy system resilience: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 150, 111476 (2021).
Yang, Z., Zhang, H., Li, H., Moura, S. & Song, Y. Toward a sustainable megalopolis by reconciling power system decarbonization and urban health resilience. Commun. Earth Environ. 7, 174 (2026).
Kamarajah, S. et al. Energy security as a crucial component of health infrastructure: global evidence and actions. Lancet Planet. Health 9, 101329 (2025).
Craig, M. T. et al. Overcoming the disconnect between energy system and climate modeling. Joule 6, 1405–1417 (2022). This work identifies key disconnects between power system and climate modelling, and proposes a research agenda for developing power system-tailored climate datasets and models capable of incorporating them.
Tierney, K. & Bruneau, M. Conceptualizing and measuring resilience: a key to disaster loss reduction. TR News 250, 14–17 (2007).
Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M. & Bruneau, M. Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience. Eng. Struct. 32, 3639–3649 (2010).
Panteli, M., Mancarella, P., Trakas, D. N., Kyriakides, E. & Hatziargyriou, N. D. Metrics and quantification of operational and infrastructure resilience in power systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 32, 4732–4742 (2017). This work introduces time-dependent metrics for quantifying power system resilience across system degradation, post-event disruption and recovery phases.
Henry, D. & Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 99, 114–122 (2012).
Ouyang, M., Dueñas-Osorio, L. & Min, X. A three-stage resilience analysis framework for urban infrastructure systems. Struct. Saf. 36–37, 23–31 (2012).
Ghanbari, M. & Jiang, J. A comprehensive review on power system resilience: definition, assessment and enhancement strategies. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 172, 111149 (2025).
Zhou, D. et al. Resilience quantification of offshore wind farm cluster under the joint influence of typhoon and its secondary disasters. Appl. Energy 383, 125323 (2025).
Wang, C., Ju, P., Wu, F., Pan, X. & Wang, Z. A systematic review on power system resilience from the perspective of generation, network and load. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 167, 112567 (2022).
Yu, S., Wei, C., Fang, F., Liu, M. & Chen, Y. Resilience assessment of electric-thermal energy networks considering cascading failure under ice disasters. Appl. Energy 369, 123533 (2024).
Liu, X., Owen, J. S., Xie, Q. & Wang, T. Resilience improvement framework based on strategy optimization of power systems to typhoons. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 267, 111855 (2026).
Li, Y., Ma, L., Zhai, C., Akiyama, M. & Qin, H. A probabilistic framework for assessing and enhancing the resilience of power systems to typhoon hazards. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 265, 111607 (2026).
Ouyang, M. & Dueñas-Osorio, L. Multi-dimensional hurricane resilience assessment of electric power systems. Struct. Saf. 48, 15–24 (2014).
Dong, S. et al. Post-disaster multi-timescale coordinated restoration of power and thermal cyber-physical system considering hot standby resources. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 17, 634–649 (2026).
Hu, Z. et al. Meteorological–electrical integrated real-time resilience assessment for power systems based on deep learning methods. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 16, 3700–3713 (2025).
Sayarshad, H. R. & Ghorbanloo, R. Evaluating the resilience of electrical power line outages caused by wildfires. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 240, 109588 (2023).
Li, B. & Mostafavi, A. Unraveling fundamental properties of power system resilience curves using unsupervised machine learning. Energy AI 16, 100351 (2024).
Ghasemi, S. & Moshtagh, J. Distribution system restoration after extreme events considering distributed generators and static energy storage systems with mobile energy storage systems dispatch in transportation systems. Appl. Energy 310, 118507 (2022).
Younesi, A. et al. Trends in modern power systems resilience: state-of-the-art review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 162, 112397 (2022).
Ruan, J., Xu, Z. & Su, H. Towards interdisciplinary integration of electrical engineering and earth science. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 1, 278–279 (2024). This work identifies epistemological, methodological, spatiotemporal and conceptual barriers between electrical engineering and climate science, and outlines pathways towards interdisciplinary integration and integrated climate–power system modelling.
Panteli, M., Trakas, D. N., Mancarella, P. & Hatziargyriou, N. D. Power systems resilience assessment: hardening and smart operational enhancement strategies. Proc. IEEE 105, 1202–1213 (2017). This work develops a quantitative, multiphase assessment framework for power system resilience and outlines infrastructure hardening and smart operational strategies for resilience enhancement.
Shi, Q., Liu, W., Zeng, B., Hui, H. & Li, F. Enhancing distribution system resilience against extreme weather events: concept review, algorithm summary and future vision. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 138, 107860 (2022).
Liu, H., Wang, C., Ju, P. & Li, H. A sequentially preventive model enhancing power system resilience against extreme-weather-triggered failures. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 156, 111945 (2022).
Lei, S. et al. Power economic dispatch against extreme weather conditions: the price of resilience. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 157, 111994 (2022).
Jacob, R. A., Paul, S., Chowdhury, S., Gel, Y. R. & Zhang, J. Real-time outage management in active distribution networks using reinforcement learning over graphs. Nat. Commun. 15, 4766 (2024).
Shi, Q. et al. Co-optimization of repairs and dynamic network reconfiguration for improved distribution system resilience. Appl. Energy 318, 119245 (2022).
Shuai, H., Li, F., She, B., Wang, X. & Zhao, J. Post-storm repair crew dispatch for distribution grid restoration using stochastic Monte Carlo tree search and deep neural networks. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 144, 108477 (2023).
Ding, T. et al. Multiperiod distribution system restoration with routing repair crews, mobile electric vehicles and soft-open-point networked microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 11, 4795–4808 (2020).
Yang, M., Wang, H., Xu, Y. & Chen, Y. Dynamic load restoration of coupled power-transportation systems considering healthcare system operation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 17, 1093–1107 (2026).
Kwasinski, A., Andrade, F., Castro-Sitiriche, M. J. & O’Neill-Carrillo, E. Hurricane Maria effects on Puerto Rico electric power infrastructure. IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J. 6, 85–94 (2019).
Potts, J., Tiedmann, H. R., Stephens, K. K., Faust, K. M. & Castellanos, S. Enhancing power system resilience to extreme weather events: a qualitative assessment of Winter Storm Uri. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 103, 104309 (2024).
Kelder, T. et al. How to stop being surprised by unprecedented weather. Nat. Commun. 16, 2382 (2025).
Alcayna, T. et al. Climate-sensitive disease outbreaks in the aftermath of extreme climatic events: a scoping review. One Earth 5, 336–350 (2022).
Lee, C. C., Maron, M. & Mostafavi, A. Community-scale big data reveals disparate impacts of the Texas winter storm of 2021 and its managed power outage. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 9, 335 (2022).
Thompson, V. et al. The 2021 western North America heat wave among the most extreme events ever recorded globally. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm6860 (2022).
Morris, J. et al. Quantifying both socioeconomic and climate uncertainty in coupled human–Earth systems analysis. Nat. Commun. 16, 2703 (2025).
Najafi, J., Peiravi, A. & Guerrero, J. M. Power distribution system improvement planning under hurricanes based on a new resilience index. Sustain. Cities Soc. 39, 592–604 (2018).
Hong, H. P., Li, S. H. & Duan, Z. D. Typhoon wind hazard estimation and mapping for coastal region in mainland China. Nat. Hazards Rev. 17, 04016001 (2016).
Hou, H. et al. Damage prediction of 10 kV power towers in distribution network under typhoon disaster based on data-driven model. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 142, 108307 (2022).
Salman, A. M. & Li, Y. Multihazard risk assessment of electric power systems. J. Struct. Eng. 143, 04016198 (2017).
Shen, L., Tang, Y. & Tang, L. C. Understanding key factors affecting power systems resilience. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 212, 107621 (2021).
Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D. & Leveson, N. (eds) Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts (Ashgate, 2006).
Yang, C. et al. Low modulus Ti-rich biocompatible TiNbZrTaHf concentrated alloys with exceptional plasticity. Mater. Res. Lett. 11, 604–612 (2023).
O’Neill, B. C. et al. Achievements and needs for the climate change scenario framework. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 1074–1084 (2020).
Zhou, S. et al. Robust changes in global subtropical circulation under greenhouse warming. Nat. Commun. 15, 96 (2024).
McGloin, R. et al. Substantial increases in the likelihood of extreme fire weather events for fire-prone ecosystems in Australia. npj Nat. Hazards 3, 28 (2026).
Vousdoukas, M. I. et al. Global probabilistic projections of extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard. Nat. Commun. 9, 2360 (2018).
Chand, S. S. et al. Declining tropical cyclone frequency under global warming. Nat. Clim. Change 12, 655–661 (2022).
Zobel, Z., Wang, J., Wuebbles, D. J. & Kotamarthi, V. R. High-resolution dynamical downscaling ensemble projections of future extreme temperature distributions for the United States. Earths Future 5, 1234–1251 (2017).
Miller, S., Ormaza-Zulueta, N., Koppa, N. & Dancer, A. Statistical downscaling differences strongly alter projected climate damages. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 145 (2025).
Hess, P., Aich, M., Pan, B. & Boers, N. Fast, scale-adaptive and uncertainty-aware downscaling of Earth system model fields with generative machine learning. Nat. Mach. Intell. 7, 363–373 (2025).
Ruan, J. et al. Toward AI-pervasive electric energy systems: concept, framework, vulnerability and visions. Nexus 3, 100119 (2026).
Li, Y. et al. Artificial intelligence-based methods for renewable power system operation. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 1, 163–179 (2024).
van der Zwaan, B. et al. Electricity- and hydrogen-driven energy system sector-coupling in net-zero CO2 emission pathways. Nat. Commun. 16, 1368 (2025).
Mirzapour, O., Rui, X. & Sahraei-Ardakani, M. Grid-enhancing technologies: progress, challenges and future research directions. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 230, 110304 (2024).
Wang, C. et al. Impacts of climate change, population growth and power sector decarbonization on urban building energy use. Nat. Commun. 14, 6434 (2023).
Artime, O. et al. Robustness and resilience of complex networks. Nat. Rev. Phys. 6, 114–131 (2024).
Ma, X., Zhou, H. & Li, Z. On the resilience of modern power systems: a complex network perspective. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 152, 111646 (2021).
Liu, Z. et al. Complex network approaches for vulnerability assessment and resilience enhancement in power systems. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 86, 104859 (2026).
Rocchetta, R. Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructures: statistical analysis of power grid spectral clustering and post-contingency vulnerability metrics. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 159, 112185 (2022).
Hou, G. et al. Resilience assessment and enhancement evaluation of power distribution systems subjected to ice storms. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 230, 108964 (2023).
Xu, L. et al. Risk-aware electricity dispatch with large-scale distributed renewable integration under climate extremes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2426620122 (2025).
Stankovski, A., Gjorgiev, B., Locher, L. & Sansavini, G. Power blackouts in Europe: analyses, key insights and recommendations from empirical evidence. Joule 7, 2468–2484 (2023).
McCollum, D. L., Gambhir, A., Rogelj, J. & Wilson, C. Energy modellers should explore extremes more systematically in scenarios. Nat. Energy 5, 104–107 (2020). This work calls for the systematic exploration of extreme outcomes in long-horizon energy scenarios through model-based and complementary off-model analyses.
Briol, F. X., Oates, C. J., Girolami, M., Osborne, M. A. & Sejdinovic, D. Probabilistic integration: a role in statistical computation? Stat. Sci. 34, 1–22 (2019).
Zanetti, L. Confidence in probabilistic risk assessment. Philos. Sci. 91, 702–720 (2024).
Lu, T., Zhang, L., Zhang, X. & Zhao, Z. Beyond risk: a measure of distribution uncertainty. Inf. Syst. Res. 36, 944–961 (2025).
Linkov, I. et al. Resilience stress testing for critical infrastructure. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 82, 103323 (2022).
Ruiz, C. & Conejo, A. J. Robust transmission expansion planning. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 242, 390–401 (2015).
Vayanos, P., Georghiou, A. & Yu, H. Robust optimization with decision-dependent information discovery. Manage. Sci. 72, 1509–1528 (2026).
Zhou, S., Pan, L., Xiu, N. & Li, G. Y. A 0/1 constrained optimization solving sample average approximation for chance constrained programming. Math. Oper. Res. 50, 2688–2716 (2025).
IRENA. Planning for the Renewable Future: Long-term Modelling and Tools to Expand Variable Renewable Power in Emerging Economies (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2017).
Lee, J.-Y. et al. Future global climate: scenario-based projections and near-term information. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 553–672 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Ralston Fonseca, F. et al. Climate-induced tradeoffs in planning and operating costs of a regional electricity system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 11204–11215 (2021).
Fischer, E. M. et al. Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 6, 456–470 (2025).
Zscheischler, J. et al. A typology of compound weather and climate events. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 333–347 (2020). This work establishes a four-part typology of compound weather and climate events and outlines analytical and modelling approaches for assessing their combined risks.
Raymond, C. et al. Understanding and managing connected extreme events. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 611–621 (2020).
Schneider, T., Leung, L. R. & Wills, R. C. Opinion: optimizing climate models with process knowledge, resolution and artificial intelligence. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 24, 7041–7062 (2024).
Froyland, G., Giannakis, D., Lintner, B. R., Pike, M. & Slawinska, J. Spectral analysis of climate dynamics with operator-theoretic approaches. Nat. Commun. 12, 6570 (2021).
Seo, H. et al. Ocean mesoscale and frontal-scale ocean–atmosphere interactions and influence on large-scale climate: a review. J. Clim. 36, 1981–2013 (2023).
Sun, Y. Q. et al. Can AI weather models predict out-of-distribution gray swan tropical cyclones? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2420914122 (2025).
Orlove, B., Shwom, R., Markowitz, E. & Cheong, S. M. Climate decision-making. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 45, 271–303 (2020).
O’Neill, B. C. et al. The roads ahead: narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century. Glob. Environ. Change 42, 169–180 (2017).
O’Neill, B. C. et al. A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways. Clim. Change 122, 387–400 (2014). This work establishes the SSP framework for combining alternative socioeconomic futures with climate forcing pathways in impacts, adaptation and mitigation research.
Wallis, P., Colson, J. & Chilosi, D. Structural change and economic growth in the British economy before the Industrial Revolution, 1500–1800. J. Econ. Hist. 78, 862–903 (2018).
Hung, H. F. Recent trends in global economic inequality. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 47, 349–367 (2021).
Bazilian, M. et al. Accelerating the global transformation to 21st century power systems. Electr. J. 26, 39–51 (2013).
Rosso, R., Wang, X., Liserre, M., Lu, X. & Engelken, S. Grid-forming converters: control approaches, grid-synchronization and future trends—a review. IEEE Open J. Ind. Appl. 2, 93–109 (2021).
Zhang, Y. et al. Wide-bandgap semiconductors and power electronics as pathways to carbon neutrality. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 2, 155–172 (2025).
Möller, T. et al. Achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions critical to limit climate tipping risks. Nat. Commun. 15, 6192 (2024).
Dörfler, F. & Grammatico, S. Gather-and-broadcast frequency control in power systems. Automatica 79, 296–305 (2017).
South, L. F., Riabiz, M., Teymur, O. & Oates, C. J. Postprocessing of MCMC. Annu. Rev. Stat. Appl. 9, 529–555 (2022).
Van Der Weijde, A. H. & Hobbs, B. F. The economics of planning electricity transmission to accommodate renewables: using two-stage optimisation to evaluate flexibility and the cost of disregarding uncertainty. Energy Econ 34, 2089–2101 (2012).
Roos, E. & den Hertog, D. Reducing conservatism in robust optimization. INFORMS J. Comput. 32, 1109–1127 (2020).
Liu, F. & Wang, R. A theory for measures of tail risk. Math. Oper. Res. 46, 1109–1128 (2021).
Srikrishnan, V. et al. Uncertainty analysis in multi-sector systems: considerations for risk analysis, projection and planning for complex systems. Earths Future 10, e2021EF002644 (2022).
Berger, J. O. & Smith, L. A. On the statistical formalism of uncertainty quantification. Annu. Rev. Stat. Appl. 6, 433–460 (2019).
Smith, J. E. & Von Winterfeldt, D. Anniversary article: decision analysis in management science. Manage. Sci. 50, 561–574 (2004).
Bistline, J. E. Electric sector capacity planning under uncertainty: climate policy and natural gas in the US. Energy Econ 51, 236–251 (2015).
Ranjbar, H. & Saber, H. A risk-aware and second-order cone programming model for wind expansion planning considering correlated uncertainties using the copula method. Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. 38, 101307 (2024).
Gu, C. et al. Toward climate-adaptive low-carbon power system planning: a multistage stochastic framework considering climate uncertainties. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 22, 3938–3949 (2026). This work develops a multistage stochastic framework that integrates the long-term evolution and uncertainty of climate variables into low-carbon power system planning.
Ding, Y. et al. Optimal distributed energy management for local energy community: a decision-regret-oriented smart predict-and-optimize approach. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 21, 9690–9700 (2025).
Haasnoot, M., Kwakkel, J. H., Walker, W. E. & Ter Maat, J. Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: a method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world. Glob. Environ. Change 23, 485–498 (2013).
Karniadakis, G. E. et al. Physics-informed machine learning. Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 422–440 (2021).
Bodnar, C. et al. A foundation model for the Earth system. Nature 641, 1180–1187 (2025).
Camps-Valls, G. et al. Artificial intelligence for modeling and understanding extreme weather and climate events. Nat. Commun. 16, 1919 (2025).
Hafner, D., Pasukonis, J., Ba, J. & Lillicrap, T. Mastering diverse control tasks through world models. Nature 640, 647–653 (2025).
Embrechts, P. & Wüthrich, M. V. Recent challenges in actuarial science. Annu. Rev. Stat. Appl. 9, 119–140 (2022).
Ingels, M. W., Botzen, W. W., Aerts, J. C., Brusselaers, J. & Tesselaar, M. The state of the art and future of climate risk insurance modeling. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1541, 100–114 (2024).
Wing, I. S. The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down approaches to climate policy modeling: electric power technology detail in a social accounting framework. Energy Econ. 30, 547–573 (2008).
Ilic, M. D. From hierarchical to open access electric power systems. Proc. IEEE 95, 1060–1084 (2007).
Seneviratne, S. I. et al. Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 1513–1766 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Zscheischler, J. et al. Future climate risk from compound events. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 469–477 (2018).
Kamwa, I. & Badrzadeh, B. Future power systems: dynamic stability must lead the way. IEEE Power Energy Mag 24, 4–19 (2026).
Lombardi, F. et al. Near-optimal energy planning strategies with modeling to generate alternatives to flexibly explore practically desirable options. Joule 9, 102144 (2025).
Eswarappa Prameela, S. et al. Materials for extreme environments. Nat. Rev. Mater. 8, 81–88 (2023).
Stürmer, J. et al. Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines. Nat. Energy 9, 526–535 (2024).
Mohanty, A. et al. Power system resilience and strategies for a sustainable infrastructure: a review. Alex. Eng. J. 105, 261–279 (2024).
Liu, J., Qin, C. & Yu, Y. Enhancing distribution system resilience with proactive islanding and RCS-based fast fault isolation and service restoration. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 11, 2381–2395 (2020).
Sedgh, S. A., Doostizadeh, M., Aminifar, F. & Shahidehpour, M. Resilient-enhancing critical load restoration using mobile power sources with incomplete information. Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. 26, 100418 (2021).
Buticchi, G., Wheeler, P. & Boroyevich, D. The more-electric aircraft and beyond. Proc. IEEE 111, 356–370 (2023).
